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Butterfield, Ardis (2002) Poetry and Music in Medieval France, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Caldwell, John (1978) Medieval Music Bloomington: Đại học Indiana Press.
Christensen, Thomas (2002) ed., The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Derrick, Henry (1983) The Listeners Guide to Medieval & Renaissance Music, New York, NY: Facts on File.
Hindley, Goffrey (1971) ed., The Larousse Encyclopedia of Music, London: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited.
Hoppin, Richard H. (1978) Medieval Music, New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990) On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
McKinnon, James (1990) ed., Antiquity and the Middle Ages Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Parrish, Carl (1957) The Notation of Medieval Music, London: Faber & Faber.
Pirrotta, Nino (1980) "Medieval" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, vol. 20, London: Macmillan.
Reese, Gustave (1940) Music in the Middle Ages, New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Seay, Albert (1965) Music in the Medieval World, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Ultan, Lloyd (1977) Music Theory: Problems and Practices in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Vanderbilt University (199), Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies.
Yudkin, Jeremy (1989) Music in Medieval Europe, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

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